退休 规划指南

You may have a very idealistic vision of retirement — doing all the things that you never seem to have the time for right now. 但是你如何去追求这个愿景呢? 当你退休的时候，社会保障可能就在你身边, but the benefit that you get from Uncle Sam may not provide enough income for your retirement years. Few employers today offer a traditional pension plan that guarantees you a specific income at retirement. 最重要的是, people are living longer and must find ways to fund those additional years of retirement. 这些令人大开眼界的事实表明，合理的退休计划至关重要.

好消息是:退休计划比以前更容易了, 多亏了许多可用的工具和资源. 这里有一些基本的步骤让你开始.

确定你的退休收入需求

It’s common to discuss desired annual retirement income as a percentage of your current income. Depending on whom you're talking to, that percentage could be anywhere from 60% to 90%, or even more. 这种方法的吸引力在于简单. The problem, 然而, is that it doesn't account for your specific situation. To determine your specific needs, you may want to estimate your annual retirement expenses.

用你的 目前的费用 as a starting point but note that your expenses may change dramatically by the time you retire. 如果你快退休了, the gap between your 目前的费用 and your retirement expenses may be small. 如果退休是很多年以后的事, 这种差距可能是巨大的, 预测你未来的开支可能会更加困难.

记住要把通货膨胀考虑在内. The average annual rate of inflation over the past 20 years has been approximately 2%. And keep in mind that your annual expenses may fluctuate throughout retirement. 例如，如果你有一个房子，正在支付 抵押贷款, your expenses will drop if the 抵押贷款 is paid off by the time you retire. Other expenses, such as health-related expenses, may increase in your later retirement years. A realistic estimate of your expenses will tell you about how much yearly income you'll need to live comfortably.

计算差距 在退休收入和支出之间

一旦你估计了你的退休收入需求, 估算一下你未来的资产和收入. These may come from Social Security, a retirement plan at work, a part-time job, and other sources. If estimates show that your future assets and income will fall short of what you need, the rest will have to come from additional personal retirement savings.

算出有多少 你需要存钱

等你退休的时候, you'll need a nest egg that will provide you with enough income to fill the gap left by your other income sources. 但到底多少才够? 以下问题可能会帮助你找到答案:

What rate of growth can you expect from your savings now and during retirement? 在预测回报率时要保守.

你想动用你的本金吗? If so, you may deplete your savings faster than if you just live off investment earnings. 建立缓冲来防范这些风险.

你打算几岁退休? 你退休越早, 你的退休时间就越长, 你就需要更多的钱来度过难关.

你的预期寿命是多少? 你活得越久，你需要准备的退休时间就越长.

建立你的退休储蓄基金: 存钱，存钱，再存钱

When you know roughly how much money you'll need, your next goal is to save that amount. First, you'll have to map out a retirement savings plan that works for you. 假设一个保守的回报率(e.g., 5% to 6%), and then determine approximately how much 你需要存钱 every year between now and your retirement to reach your goal.

下一步是把你的储蓄计划付诸行动. It's never too early to get started (ideally, begin saving in your 20s). 尽可能地, you may want to arrange to have certain amounts taken directly from your paycheck and automatically invested in accounts of your choice (e.g.， 401(k)计划，工资扣除储蓄). This arrangement reduces the risk of impulsive or unwise spending that will threaten your savings plan — out of sight, 不在心上. 如果可能的话，存的钱要比你认为需要的多，以备不足为虑.

理解你的 投资选择

你需要了解可用的投资类型, 然后决定哪些是适合你的. 如果你没有时间, 能源, 或者你自己做这件事的倾向, 聘请金融专业人士. He or she will explain the options that are available to you and will assist you in selecting investments that are appropriate for your goals, 风险承受能力, 时间范围. 请注意，许多投资可能涉及本金损失的风险.

了解退休计划的类型，然后 使用正确的储蓄工具

The following are among the most common retirement plans and savings tools, 但也有其他可用的.

雇主赞助的退休计划 允许员工延期支付(比如401(k)), 403(b), 简单的, 457(b)计划是强大的储蓄工具. Your contributions come out of your salary as pre-tax contributions (reducing your current taxable income) and any investment earnings are tax deferred until withdrawn. These plans often include employer-matching contributions and should be your first choice when it comes to saving for retirement. 401(k), 403(b) and 457(b) plans can also allow after-tax Roth contributions. 虽然罗斯计划不会立即提供税收优惠, 从你的罗斯账户中提取的合格款项是免税的, 可能还有州, 所得税.

ira, like employer-sponsored retirement plans, feature tax deferral of earnings. 如果你符合条件, traditional ira may enable you to lower your current taxable income through deductible contributions. 取款, 然而, are taxable as ordinary income (unless you've made nondeductible contributions, 在这种情况下，提款的一部分将不征税。.

Roth ira don't permit tax-deductible contributions but allow you to make completely tax-free withdrawals under certain conditions. With both types, you can typically choose from a wide range of investments to fund your 爱尔兰共和军.

年金 合同是否由保险公司签发. 年金通常由税后资金提供, but their earnings are tax deferred (you pay tax on the portion of distributions that represents earnings). 年金的供款通常没有年度限制. A typical annuity provides income payments beginning at some future time, usually retirement. 这笔款项可能会持续你的一生, 为了你和受益人的共同生活, or for a specified number of years (guarantees are subject to the claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company). 年金可能会收取某些费用和开支, 包括死亡费用, 投降的指控, 行政费用, 还有其他收费.